Friday, December 28, 2012

A New Dream for a New Year (with a side helping of gratitude)

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

The original article you are looking for is below this short message. After reading, if you have a moment to check out the new (and hardly changed) "The Other Things Matter", please drop in.  Would love to hear from you.






I work at a private high school in Japan.  That means hustling for students.  There's really no way around it.  Japan has had a negative rate of population growth since 2007.  Many public high schools are just trying to keep their doors open, which means accepting any student who applies.  So the pool of students who need/want to attend a private school, like the population in general, is decreasing every year.  Part of recruiting, at least at my school, means putting our current students out front and center and giving them the space to talk about what they like and don't like about the school.  I have mixed feelings about the whole thing.  I don't want my students to have to sell their school.  But, to give credit to my students, they are open and honest, share the good (classes are fun, the other students are very empathic, etc.) with the bad (the classwork can be too easy, there are very few clubs to join, etc) and seem to enjoy meeting the crop of potential first year students. 

The last day of work this year, December 22, we had a school open house.  I ran a sample lesson, hoping to show the students some of the ways they'll learn English if they come to C------ Osaka Campus.  During part of the sample lesson, we played a variation of a "tag" game called Zoom.  Zoom is originally a drinking game with it's own very technical sounding and rather unhelpful Wikipedia entry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_schwartz_profigliano).  It's basically a game of tag using words and gestures instead of running around like mad and physically touching each other. 

My simplified take on the rules of Zoom:

  • One student is "it".  To pass being "it" to another student, they point and say the word "zoom!"
  • Once a new student has become "it" they can then point and say "zoom" to another student and hence pass on the "it".
  • A student who has been "zoomed" and is going to be "it" actually has 3 choices:

  1. They can accept the zoom and pass it on to another student by pointing and saying, "Zoom."
  2. They can return the "it" to the person who zoomed them by looking at and gesturing back to the zoomer and saying, "Schwartz."
  3. They can reject being "it" entirely by holding up a hand, avoiding eye-contact with the person who zoomed them and saying, "profigliano."


Like most drinking games, it's not rocket science (although the Wikipedia page might make it seem as if it is). It's just a series of actions difficult enough keep people making errors and hence steadily drinking.  But if you just change the words and modify some the gestures, you end up with a pretty good way to practice common chunks of language.  For example you could play the game making the following substitutions:

Zoom--> Have some 
Shwartz--> You first 
Profigliano-->No way/Come on/etc. 

It also works pretty well with auxiliary verbs and various vocabulary which can be substituted for the underlined words in the examples:

Zoomà Will you cook dinner?
Schwartzà No, you should cook it.
Profiglianoà I can't cook it.

The sample lesson during the open house went pretty well.  Most of the prospective students left the classroom laughing.  As I was moving chairs and desks back into the normal classroom position, Shi-kun, a first year student volunteer, helped me out.  Shi-kun is a baseball player.  He lifts weights after school and usually picks up two desks at a time.  He doesn't talk much in class, but he's quick to smile.  I asked him if he was going to be working at the ramen shop all winter vacation.  When he's not playing sports or training, he puts in a lot of hours at his part time job. 

We talked about his winter plans, about his boss at the ramen shop, a little baseball.  Like usual, he was picking up and setting down desks about twice as fast as me.  It was quiet for a while and then he said, "You know, I've been thinking maybe I could join the International Course next year."  I set down my desk and stopped.  Shi-kun kept moving desks.  He was looking at the desks in his hands when he said, "I don't know if I can keep up.  But recently, when I take your class, I've been thinking that it must be good to be a teacher.  It looks like so much fun to be in a classroom with a bunch of high school students and helping them talk in English."  This was the longest I'd ever heard Shi-kun speak at one time.  We finished putting the desks back in place and Shin-kun said, "I want to be a teacher.  I want to be a high school English teacher."

For a moment I just enjoyed it.  It was one of those moments when being a teacher meant living in a world of pure potential.  When simply speaking a dream turned it into a real possibility.  Then I told Shi-kun that I wanted nothing more than to help him become a high school teacher.  And that he didn't have to worry about, "falling behind," because the road to becoming a teacher was just that, a road, not a race.  And on this road, there was no behind to worry about. 

If Shi-kun decides to be a teacher, he'll be the third student of mine to become an English teacher.  Maybe that sounds like a boast.  I hope it doesn't, because it isn't meant to be.  The other two students of mine who became English teachers were meant to be English teachers long before I ever met them.  They became English teachers because they loved English and maybe not because of, but in spite of what I had done in my classroom.  But that's not why Shi-kun wants to be an English teacher.  For Shin-kun, it isn't English, or it isn't just English.  It's the act of working with students, of helping teenagers learn.  Part of that is because the students in his class are a little wild and know how to enjoy a role-play.  But a bigger part of it, I think, is that over the past year, teachers from all over the world have reached out and helped me be a better teacher, class by class, week by week.  A little bit of what they have shared with me, what makes them great teachers, has, maybe, found it's way into my classroom, has translated itself into the "fun" of being, "in a class with a bunch of high school students."  So this post is my way of saying thank you, thank you to all the teachers who have been there for me, have made 2012 the most personally and professionally satisfying year of teaching in my life.  Thank you for helping my classes to be the kind of place where a ramen slinging high school baseball player is willing to share a new dream for the new year.

Thank you (in no particular order):

Michael Griffin: for a gentle nudge to write stories for my students, being a role model for how to engage in a honest dialogue with myself, and a hundred thousand other things.

Josette LeBlanc: because now, as often as I can, I take the time to remember that unless my students feel safe and listened to, no language learning is going to happen in my classroom.

Rachel Roberts: for showing me how research really does connect up with the classroom, especially around reading and listening.

Gemma Lunn:  All of the material you have put up on the LOL is an inspiration.  I've used and recommended fortune tellers a handful of times alone.  And I will be using a station based teaching class to cram three lessons worth of fun into my next 45 minute International Course pre-course lesson.

Sophia Khan (@SophiaKhan4): for taking the time to help me wrap my head around some of the language teaching jargon that was getting in the way of teaching, and the chance to publish on lit in the classroom, and

Laura Phelps: for the best written blog around and reminding me that anything that happens in a class can be a source of laughter as well as worry.

Anne Hendler: for asking questions, for posting about things other than English because teachers who only talk/write about English are sure to run out of gas before the year is finished, and for the gift of the laughing journal.

Christopher Wilson: because sometimes I forgot why I blogged, but when I did, your blog was always there to remind me, with fresh ways to think about what it means to teach.

Alex Grevett: for the regular reminders that pronunciation is one of the other things that matter, even if I try mightily to forget that fact from time to time.

John Pfordresher: passion can't exist in a vacuum, like fire, it needs oxygen to breathe.  Your blog and the ESL Learner Output Library have been a much needed dose of oxygen. 

Vicky Loras: for reminding me how much I love poetry and being the glue that seems to hold the twitter universe together.

Leo Selivan: for the idea of highlighting chunks of language in a text, useful tips on using corpus, and keeping me think about words in use.

Mura Nava: for showing me how different and how similar it is to teach a group of Engineering students in France and my own experience teaching here in Japan (and that place hacking lesson plan was the bomb).

Kevin Giddens: because less can be so much more.

Tyson Seburn: for introducing me to the idea of reading circles, and getting me thinking about LGBT issues (which I hope has helped make my classroom a safer place to be for my students).

Barbara Sakamoto: for a million ideas that all remind me that what works for teaching children (generating interest, being genuine, caring) will work and is needed for teaching adults and giving our community the gift of a teaching village.

Sandy Millin: for a primer on Cuisenaire rods, rearranging your classroom and at least 2 great new ideas a week.

And of course
Chuck Sandy, John Fanselow, Steven Herder and the rest of the team over at iTDi for a chance to use my voice and listen to a world full of amazing teachers.

I'm sure I have forgotten people.  If I did, I hope no offense will be taken.  I thank every teacher, writer, educator and parent who has reached out to me this year.  I hope a poor memory on my part won't get in the way of what is meant to be, while genuine, a far from perfect expression of gratitude.



Thursday, November 29, 2012

Why can't we have better text books?

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

The original article you are looking for is below this short message. After reading, if you have a moment to check out the new (and hardly changed) "The Other Things Matter", please drop in.  Would love to hear from you.





The following sample sentences using passive voice are from my school's first year English text book.   I could probably turn this into one of those 3000 word ranty posts, but I have a workshop to prepare for.  And I also have to think up some new sample sentences.  Anyway, here is the list of passive voice sentences (with some comments, asked for or not):

1. The car was made last year.
(My translation into commonly used English: This is last year's model)

2. This dictionary is used by high school students.
(My translation of what the textbook writer was actually saying in Japanese: Most high school students use this dictionary.)

3. The cake was given to me this morning.
(I guess this could be said by someone, at some time, but only if there was some kind of pressing mystery about that damn cake)

4. English is spoken in many countries.
(Not gonna complain about this one.  As far as I know, it certainly is. But without context, it sounds oddly boastful and makes me a little uncomfortable.  But I'm sensitive that way.)

5. Tom was invited to the party yesterday.
(Would need something else to be acceptable to me.  Maybe: Tom was just invited to the party yesterday.  Or: Tom couldn't come because he was invited to the party yesterday.  Anyway, hope Tom had a good time doing whatever kept him from the party.  I mean, that's what's implied right?  Or is it?  Now I'm confused.)

6. Was the book written by him?
(Not even gonna comment on this)

7. This hotel was opened a year ago.
(I have a useless 'was' for sale, cheap, as long as you come and take it out of this sentence yourself)

8. (in conversation form)
A: The dog doesn't look happy.
B: No food was given to him.
(Poor dog.  Wonder why they just don't say: He hasn't eaten in days.  Someone call the SPCA!)

9. Is the book read by many people?
(Once again a poor translation from Japanese where passive is used to express that something is quite common or typical or popular.  Why the sentence, "Everyone and their grandmother is reading this book this summer," isn't highlighted more in Japanese English text books is way beyond me.)

10. (in conversation form)
A: Does everybody know her?
B: Yes, she is loved by everyone.
(First off, I want to meet her and judge for myself.  Secondly, does B's comment actually work with what A said without an 'and' in there?  And finally, if you're gonna put something in dialogue form, shouldn't it resemble spoken English?  I can tell you one thing for sure, if she had anything to do with writing these sample sentences, she is certainly not loved by me.  But maybe after we sit down and talk things over, I'll decide she's pretty cool after all).

Wednesday, November 21, 2012

I don't like bananas, but I like banana chips

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

The original article you are looking for is below this short message. After reading, if you have a moment to check out the new (and hardly changed) "The Other Things Matter", please drop in.  Would love to hear from you.





Photo by Markus Leupold-Löwenthal
from the 
Wikimedia Commons

Getting ready to present at the World Storytelling conference in Kobe next Sunday, so I don't have much time for blogging.  But I did want to get something down which jumped out at me today.  I was lounging around in class during break time and one of my students pulled a pineapple candy out of his pocket.  It's a round, very sour candy that's pretty popular in Japan.  I said, "You know, I love that pineapple candy, but I don't really like pineapples."  The student, Ken, who is a pretty shy guy and doesn't talk very much, looked at me as if I was totally crazy and said, "But why Kevin?  Why?"  I wasn't sure if he was teasing me, but even if he was, I was down with that. 

"Well," I said, "Pineapples have a great flavor, but they are so dry.  They make my mouth feel strange.  That candy has all the goodness of pineapples and none of the dryness." 
Ken slapped his hand against the desk and said, "I feel the same way, too."
At which point, Ru-Chan, who was sitting across from Ken, said, "I don't like blueberries.  But I love blueberry yogurt." 
I jumped up and said, "I feel the same way!  How about bananas?"
Ru-chan kind of frowned and said, "I don't like bananas.  But I like banana chips."
Ken clapped and said, "Yes! Yes!"
And I said, "What is it about banana chips?  I love them, too."
Then the bell rang and we started class.

So what is this little anecdote about anyway?  Not much, really.  Candy, fruit, a little connection, a sense of excitement.  It didn't generate a lot of language, but I think it brought Ken, Ru-chan and I a little closer together.  It probably also helped to boost both Ru and Ken's confidence.  But most of all, it was just fun.  We were just hanging out and talking.  And we all had a good time.  Sometimes I'm so caught up in how to give my students more and more language, caught up in how to challenge them to use what language they have in new ways, that I lose sight of what's happening right in front of me.  Which is a shame, because it's in the here and now of class that I have my best chance to connect with a student and not just teach, but allow us to learn about and from each other.  Maybe if I could dial back on all the things I want to do or think I need to do in class, I would be able to take more advantage of these pineapple-candy-moments.  You know, the kind with all the goodness of learning and none of the dryness of teaching.      

Monday, November 12, 2012

Some Notes From a Real-Time Journal

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

The original article you are looking for is below this short message. After reading, if you have a moment to check out the new (and hardly changed) "The Other Things Matter", please drop in.  Would love to hear from you.






Namie Amuro (middle) performs at
MTV Asia Aid, Bangkok, Thailand
File from the Wikimedia Commons
The other day I posted a blog on the iTDi site about some things teachers can do in “real time” to see what’s happening in their class a bit more clearly.  One of the ideas I wrote about was keeping a real time journal.  Basically, I find that when I’m running an activity or doing some language awareness work around a grammar point, and things start to slide off track, I tend to get a little emotional.  Instead of reacting, jotting down some notes of what students are actually doing, helps me take a step back and reevaluate what’s happening in class.  When I first started blogging, I often made notes in my real time journal.  Blogging and the journal where my main tools to reflect on my teaching.  But a funny thing started to happen.  Instead of writing in my real-time journal to get a handle on what was going on in my classes, I started thinking of my real time journal as a tool to enhance my blog posts.  Instead of a reflective tool, it became a way to produce more polished blog posts.  I was making notes not for myself, but for an audience.  

Last week, after reading and responding to some comments on real-time journaling in the class, I decided to revisit this particular tool in my classroom.  Rereading my entries from the week, I noticed that this time around, my real-time journal had a very different focus.  Most of what I wrote was about student interactions.  For example, while waiting for students to settle down at the beginning of class, here are some of the things I wrote in my journal:

- A-Kun asks K-Kun for something.  K-kun takes a set of textbooks out of his bag and hands them to A-Kun.

- S-Chan and T-Chan are looking at a cell-phone together.  They seem to be looking at pictures.

- M-Chan, R-Chan and N-Chan are singing a song in Japanese.  These are singing loudly.  Some of the boys are laughing.  One boy is clapping along.

I used this information to modify how I broke the class into groups during activities.  And I found that group work went more smoothly.  As an added bonus, while I was writing students settled down on their own.  Maybe I lost two or three minutes of class time.  But instead of starting class by cajoling my students to quiet down, I was able to get something pretty useful out of those few minutes and everyone (students and myself) started class in a better mood.  It also led to a radical shift in at least one of my lesson plans.  The journal entry about students singing took place during a Drama class.  We were supposed to be practicing a scene from a play.  But after I had written in my real-time journal, I decided to follow the students’ lead.  On the white board, I wrote down a translation of the first two line of the J-pop song the students were singing:

I miss you.  I miss you.

The three girls who were singing laughed and started singing the song in English.   After the first two lines, they shifted back to Japanese.  So as a class we worked on translating the next few lines into English.  What we ended up with was:

I miss you.
I miss you.
All I want is to hear your voice.
Even though I don’t have anything to say, I decided to call you.
Because you are so kind. 
You are always there for me.
That’s enough to make my heart beat.
That’s enough to warm my heart.

Then I took the first two lines of the song, and changed them into a dialogue.  Like this:

A: Hello?
B: I miss you.
A: I miss you, too.
B: All I want, is to hear your voice.
A:

I left A’s next line blank and students came up with, “OK, but I don’t know what to say.”  And in a surprisingly short amount of time, students had constructed the following dialogue with a fair amount of useful chunks of language:

A: Hello?
B: I miss you.
A: I miss you, too.
B: All I want, is to hear your voice.
A: OK, but I don’t know what to say.
B: Even though I don’t have anything to say, I called you.
A: Thank you.  But why did you call me?
B: Because you are so kind.
A: Yes, I am.  And so are you!
B: You are always there for me.
A: Because I love you.
B: That’s enough to make my heart beat. 
A: That’s enough to warm my heart.


Once the dialogue was on the board, students practiced it in pairs for a few minutes.  We did some work on stress, playing around with how shifting stress radically changed the meaning of the dialogue.  This was especially fruitful with the line, "Even though I don't have anything to say, I called you."  Then I erased the board and had the students form small groups and reconstruct the dialogue.  They seemed to have a pretty good handle on the language.  I gave them fifteen minutes to put together skits in which they used the dialogue.  One pair of students turned it into a conversation between a couple which had broken up some time before and the girl was calling the boy to get back together.  Another pair of students set up a scene in which the couple was coming back from Universal Studio Japan, had just gotten in a fight, and the song was their way of making up.  The song is incredibly popular in Japan right now and the lyrics are slightly vapid and vague.  But I think it’s just that vagueness that probably has let every student who listens to the song put their own spin on it.  And when they turned it into a scene, they were able to take the scene from their imagination and act it out.

Real time journaling not only let me get a better handle on which students would work well together, it also led to a new classroom activity.  Probably other teachers have done variations on using L1 songs as a base for a dialogue, but this is the first time I’ve given it a try in class.  The students enjoyed it enough to suggest we do it again next week.  They even agreed to each pick a song before class and translate it into English.  If they’re up for it, I’m going to have some of the braver students sing their translation and have the rest of the class try to guess which song it is based on.  But before I ask any particular student to sing, I think I’ll take a bit of time at the beginning of class to write down what my students are doing when the bell rings in my real time journal.  With a bit of luck, it will help me figure out just who might be ready to stand up and belt out a J-pop song in English. 

Wednesday, October 24, 2012

Fluency activities to build summarizing skills

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

The original article you are looking for is below this short message. After reading, if you have a moment to check out the new (and hardly changed) "The Other Things Matter", please drop in.  Would love to hear from you.





In my summarizing skills building posts 1 and 2, I’ve been writing about summaries as if they are all equal.  This is clearly not the case.  In fact, two weeks into my summarizing classes, John Fanselow, the advisor for my school's English program asked me, “Well, why do you want your students to practice summarizing anyway?”  Which seemed like a pretty valid question.  So I turned it over to my students to see if they had any ideas as to why they might want to work on their summarizing skills.  A number of students said it will help them with the longer readings that appear on most of the university entrance exams and standardized English tests in Japan.  Two students said they thought it would help them take notes in English class.  One student said he thought it would help him remember things better.  I was glad to know that the students did see value in practicing summarizing skills.  And all of those reasons were on my list when I was talking with John.  But there was one which my students didn’t mention.  I believed (and still do) that summarizing, especially when working with less advanced students, is a crucial conversation skill.  When students talk to each other about the books they read in class, the movies they watch in their free time, or chat about the latest TV shows, they need to summarize.  Part of the reason I wanted to get students to work on summarizing skills was to kind of push them to feel a bit more comfortable actually talking about stories as opposed to answering the question of, “How was The Secret Garden?” with pat responses like, “It was good,” or “I really liked it.”

In my class, I’ve used simplified news articles, short stories, graded readers and movie plots as material for summaries.  I didn’t use any scholarly articles and most of the news articles I did use had a strong narrative thread.  Which simplifies the task immeasurably.  Because students are working with something that already has an identifiable beginning, middle, and end, they can hit the key points for each step in the story without spending too much time searching for where certain types of information is in the text.  And at a certain level, stories are better suited for fluency activities, as it’s pretty much human nature to tell the same stories over and over again (sometimes much to the annoyance of people like my daughter who can often be heard saying, “Papa, you already told me that story!).

Fluency activities:

If you want students to get fluent at a skill, they have to use it.  A lot.  In a recent talk at the CLESOL conference, Paul Nation identified adding a fluency component as one of the top five changes he would recommend to improve an ESL program’s effectiveness. Like any other skill, summarizing needs to be practiced and practiced again for the skills to become automatic.  With that in mind here are a few activities you can try out in class to have students engage in a lot of fluency work.

Book Critiques: I have an extensive reading program in my school.  The students get two hours of actual class time a week to read.  Because it’s a reading for enjoyment class, I’ve encouraged students to read texts just a little bit below their level of competence.  Which usually means an intermediate or lower-intermediate students is going to be reading a starter level graded reader or level 1.  And they have a huge stack of readers they have finished by now.  For this activity, students grab a reader they like and summarize the story for each other.  One of the best things about this activity is the students don’t have to struggle with finding the language themselves.  They can talk freely about the book, but if in their summary they don’t quite know what to say, they can just refer to the book and find the language they need.  After they have summarized the book for three other students, they get a new book and start again.  If you want to give the students a stronger sense that summarizing has some value aside from practicing English, you can pass out future reading list worksheets.  As students listen to each others summaries, they can choose to add the book to their future reading list.  In this way, students get immediate feedback on if their summaries are engaging and having a positive influence on the other students in class.

What movie is it: Students write a short movie summary.  You can limit the written summary to a certain number of sentences.  Usually I ask the students to keep to about 10 lines.  After students have written up their basic summaries, they then talk about the movie’s plot with another student.  The point of the game is obviously for the students to guess the title of their partner’s movie.  To make the activity a little more conversational in nature, during the second round of the game, I will ask the students to include personal opinions about the movie after every two lines or so.  Here is an example of a summary a student gave about the movie Real Steel.  The bolded sentences are the student’s personal opinions which were added to the written summary:

           A man controlled a big steel robot and had boxing fights.
           I thought the fighting was really cool.
           But the man got divorced and the man had to raise his son.
           His son found an old robot in a garbage dump.
           I liked this part of the movie.  The man and his son could know each
          other.
    

Pictogloss: This is a variation on the dictogloss activity.  First students pick a book or a movie that they would like to recommend to a friend.  You could also ask students to choose from one of the articles that they have read in class.  Students get a few minutes to compose a written summary.  Then, while saying the summary, their partner listens and instead of writing words, draws pictures of key words.  Here is an example of two movie summaries that students produced in pictogloss form.  Can you guess what movies they are?  The written summaries and movie titles are included at the end of this post:







Now comes the confusing part.  The student who originally said the summary takes the pictogloss from their partner and uses that to help give the summary to other students.  This requires the student to engage in a transformation activity, in which the images in the page are translated back into words and then serve as the base for their spoken summary practice.   As a side note, you can do all sorts of activities with written summaries and pictoglosses, such as playing a matching game, having other students in class try to read the pictogloss and decide what the summary is about, etc.  (Shameless promotion #1: if you’re interested in a more detailed look at pictogloss, I will have  short article in the upcoming winter issue of the ETAS Journal in which I go through the process step by step.)

Story Flood: I have 14 short stories I’ve written for ELLs.  Some are available here and here.  For a story flood, I lay out a handful of stories and have the students read the first line of each paragraph until they find a story which they find interesting.  Once they’ve picked a story, they read it through and write up a summary, a critique, and give the story a star rating (1-5 stars).  Then they have four minutes to tell another student about the story as well as to listen to their partner’s summary.  If they hear a summary which seems intriguing, they then go and take that story, read it through and produce a new summary which is then shared with another student.  The activity is a bit chaotic as some students are reading while others are writing and others are talking.  But I find that in a ninety-minute class, students will be able to write and practice talking about three stories.  Here is an example of two students’ summaries with links to the stories upon which they were based:





Summary of "To Gather Up"


A Summary of Summarizing

Doing summary work with upper-level and lower-level students is going to be quite different.  Not just because the level and types of texts will vary, but because of the sense of audience.  By sense of audience in this case, I mean the idea of who will be reading or listening to the student produced summaries.  For a higher-level student in a EAP class, the audience is, eventually, the scholarly community which they are hoping to join.  The act of developing good summary skills is necessary for them to engage in dialogue with this community.  But for lower-level students, there is always the issue of who they are producing their summaries for and just what purpose a summary actual serves in communication.  I’ve tried to make these summary fluency activities as conversational as possible.  I’ve also tried to get students engaged in activities which will, in some way, potential impact the other students in the class.  I wish I had found a better way to emphasize these points at the beginning of this process and would really appreciate any suggestions along those lines.  And while I said this was going to be a 3 part series, I am planning to write one more post on summarizing.  The final post will be a look at an activity to boost student autonomy around summarizing and should be a return to a more reflective practices style of post.


Pictogloss answers:

 Special Delivery Witch

A.I.




Monday, October 22, 2012

Summarizing work with lower-level learners (part 2)

Hi all,

A big thank you to everyone for your support over the past two years. Realizing that this blog keeps growing and that the options for making it navigable with blogger are diminishing week by week, I've moved over to WordPress.  I hope this doesn't cause any unnecessary inconvenience.

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I have recently been running a series of summarizing skills building lessons for the lower-intermdiate level students in the International Course at my school.  The first post can be found here.  Summarizing is a complex skill which rests on students' ability to read at a fairly high level.  Not only must students read and understand what they write, they also must pinpoint the main ideas and then manage to condense those ideas into a very dense form while retaining the original focus of the article (Johns, 1985).  Kirkland and Saunders (1991) posit that it is perhaps the overwhelming processing requirements needed to summarize, more than any particular lack of language ability, which results in the poor quality of summaries produced by many ESL and EFL students.  If you’re curious just how difficult it is, you can try the following summary evaluation activity with your students:



1.      With the entire class, pick a fairy-tale or story that all the students know well.  I usually use The Tortoise and the Hare. 
2.      As a class, construct a 10 to 15 line story, in as simple language as possible, and write it up on the board.
3.      Give the students a few minutes to read the story and if possible interact with it in some way.  For example, you could do a dramatic reading in which students break into small groups, take a character each (tortoise, hare, and narrator) and read the story as if it was a play.
4.      Erase the story from the board, pass out some blank papers and ask the students to write a summary of the text they have been working with.  Stipulate that the summary should be no longer than half as long as the text created by the class.  This should give them plenty of space to produce a decent summary that covers all the main points.

If your students are anything like mine, you will find that what seems like a simple task ends up being very difficult for them, indeed.  Many of my students will simply stare at that ocean of white paper in front of them and complain that they don’t know where to start.  With that in mind, my summarizing lessons have focused on giving learners the tools they need to consciously break the summarizing process down into series of less complex tasks.  The following are some of the activities I’ve used in class with my students over the past few weeks.

Vocabulary Check

In the previous post, I explained how I used tracing letters in place of a regular font and have students trace all the words and phrases with which they are familiar in order to check students’ vocabulary recognition of the text.  When it comes to comprehension difficulties, the problems that arise from lack of basic vocabulary cannot be overstated (Masuhara, 2003, p. 344).  So any work around summarizing with lower level learners should probably, by necessity, start with a way to gauge if students are having vocabulary issues.  Instead of pre-teaching vocabulary, I sometimes use this part of the lesson as an opportunity to have students practice their inferencing skills.  In his booklets Is a Germ Positive or Negative (n.d.a.) and Is it a bird? Is it a plane? It’s Superman! (n.d.b.) John Fanselow recommends having students highlight or underline the words and phrases they do know in a text and then to cross out, or even better completely black out, the words or phrases they do not know. This keeps students eyes focused on the parts of the text which they are familiar.  By focusing on the words they know, students have a better chance at guessing the meaning of the words they do not.  It’s also important to make sure students aren’t focused exclusively on individual words. If possible, try and get students thinking in larger chunks of language when engaged in this kind of work.  Often it is not a particular word which is giving a student trouble, but a phrase.  The other day, my students identified, “put the shapes together,” “reached out and took,” and “manage to get the job done,” as trouble spots.  You can then have students compare texts and teach each other the unknown meanings, let them try and identify parts of speech and word attributes and then use their dictionaries to find the meaning, or simply tell the students the meanings yourself to save time.
 
Comprehension Activity

Just because a student reads a text and understands all of the words, doesn’t really prove understanding of the text.  Small errors during the reading process such as misidentifying a sentence’s subject, can end up leading to large errors in overall comprehension.  For lower level learners, a step to help clarify what they have read will probably be useful.  You can have students read a paragraph, turn the article over, count to ten so they aren’t just relying on short term memory, and write down what they remember.  They shouldn’t be overly fixated on spelling or grammar, but should just get down what stuck with them.  They can repeat the process two or three times for each paragraph.  As a further check, they can compare what they wrote down with a partner and see if what is leaving a strong impression with them is also what is leaving an impression with their other students in the class.  It’s also a good chance for the teacher to wander around the room, check out what the students are writing, and see if or where students might be going astray.  Another option is to let the students engage in a drawing transformation activity.  After reading the paragraph, students can turn the paper over and draw a simple picture or two of the paragraph content.

Language Practice

When it comes to summary writing, if students don’t have a chance to work with the language in the text, chance are they will become overly-dependant on the text itself and simply lift and quote sentences.  In my last post, I explained personalizing component that can be built into summarizing work.  Another option is have students do some sentence manipulation work.  I will often get students to simply change each statement in a paragraph into its questions form.  Then, working in small groups, I will ask the students to order the questions in order of importance.  In this case, importance means the question that, when answered, will provide the most amount of information contained within the target paragraph.  Once students have ordered the questions, they then go around and ask their top 3 questions to other members of the class.  You can repeat this step multiple times, until students have become relatively familiar with the language.  Personally, I run this activity 3 times in a 4/3/2 format having students ask and answer the questions in decreasing amounts of time, each time with a different partner (Maurice, 1983.  For a more in-depth look at 4/3/2 from Paul Nation, just click here)  The first time through, I let the students refer to the text while answering the questions.  The second time they have to produce the answers without the aid of the text.  The third time, students use their cell phones to record their answers and are then directed to transcribe their answers to a piece of paper.  This gives me a chance to check and see if there are any glaring errors in their production.  It’s especially important as the language students used in this step of the process is going to serve as the bases for their summaries.  One nice thing about this activity is that as students practice their answers to the various questions, those answers change and often times become a bit simpler than the language used in the text.  Basically, they are developing the skills they will need to paraphrase parts of a text without being over-dependant on the language of the text itself.

Group Summary

Once students have the language and the basic material for their summary, they still need a chance to put the pieces together.  At the lower levels, this might best be done through pair or group work.  Once again, an ordering activity can be useful, in which students compare their transcripts and pick the top two sentences to use as the material for their summary of each paragraph.  Another option is to have students write down the main clause of each answer and then to combine the clauses, usually reducing the number of sentences by half.

Recently I’ve gotten quite fond of an activity I call the “human word processor.”  In the Human Word Processor, one student in each group serves as the 'word processor'.  The rest of the students in the group give word processor commands to the human word processor, working together to edit a text until it has been winnowed down to a more concise form. You will most likely need to write up the word processing commands on the whiteboard.  These can be quite simple.  I usually use, “erase ~”, “insert ~ before/after …” and “exchange ~ for …”.  In my summarizing classes, one student writes down all of the answers she has transcribed during the question/answer phase of the activity on the white board and then acts as the word processor.  The rest of the group works together, giving commands until they are satisfied that what has been edited on the board is an accurate  summary of the original text.  I find it works especially well if you have two large groups, each group using half of the white board.  Then, after each of the summaries is complete, you can compare the two summaries and if possible, even combine them into one large class summary.

Students Summary: Example 1

Over the course of the past three weeks I have used a number of different texts when getting students to produce summaries.  One of the texts was a short story “For One Picture” This is a picture of the final summary as produced by students after the “human word processor activity”:





It’s not perfect.  Students still have some issues with pronoun use and there were a few points from the story which were left out and should probably been included in a summary.  But I think the board-work does show how even intermediate level students can produce a decent summary when given the chance to break summarizing down into its component parts.
     
Up Next

The previous post and this post contain a lot of activities to help students understand how the process of summarizing works.  But students will still need a chance to practice each of the skills a number of time in order for them to attain any kind of fluency when it comes to summarizing.  I don’t really want my students to have to spend 50 minutes every time they want—or have to—summarize something.  In the next post I will give some ideas from my final summary practice lessons on ways to get students to produce a few summaries within one class period.  I will also have a few suggestions for how to get students working in a more autonomous fashion.  If any teachers out there have done summary work with lower level students, or just have some ideas about summary activities in general, I would certainly appreciate hearing them in the comments. 

References:

Johns, A. (1985). “Summary Protocols of ‘underprepared’ and ‘adept’ university students: replications and distortions of the original.” Language Learning 35 (4): 495-512.

Kirkland, M. & Saunders, M. (1991). “Maximizing student performance in summary writing: managing cognitive load.” TESOL Quarterly 25 (1): 105-121.

Fanselow, J. (n.d.h). Is a germ positive or negative: limitations of understanding isolated words

Fanselow, J. (n.d.i). Is it a bird? Is it a plane? It’s Superman!: realizing how yes/no and either or questions can reveal meanings

Masuhara, H. (2003). “Materials for Developing Reading Skills.” In Developing Materials for Language Teachers, B. Tomlinson (ed.). London: Continuum Intl Pub Group.